Airplane



0d- 1-5, 1929- l-R. B. JACKSON 1,731,666

AIRPLANE Filed Jan. 5o.- 1928 2 Sheets-Sheet '1 @chil-5, 1929. R. B. JAcKsoN L'l `AIRPLANE Filed Jan. 50. 1928 v 2 heetswgheet 2 Patented Oct.y 15 1929 RAYMOND n. Jackson. or Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA Ammann,

Application filed January `30, 1928. Serial No. '250,65'5.

My invention relates to airplanes, and more particularly toa novel wing structure for use on an airplane.

Present day airplanes are open to the dis- 5 advantage that they are diicult'to control, and, in adverse conditions become uncontrollable when in a side slip or a tail spin, which usually results in a crash. I have invented an airplane having an inherent stability and which may be brought back to an even keel, even though in a side slip or in a tail spin. It is an object of my invention to provide an airplane wing which has anv inherent stability.

provide an airplane of novel design which -may be immediately recovered from side slips or ,tail spins. v

It is a further object of my invention to provide an airplane having a long dgliding -angle, low landing speed, and which will handle easily even in rough air.

Still a further object of'my invention is to provide an airplane which cannot be nosed upward or downward into a vertical position.

`I accomplish these desirable results butilizing a wing which extends over practically l -the entire length of the fuselage. On the fouter corners of'this wing are hinged certain control wings and ailerons, 'these Wings and ailerons being pivoted to the main wing on lines which are non-perpendicular to the `fuselage axis. It is an objectA of my invention to provide an airplane wing having the outer corners thereof, t ese wings being pivoted on lines non-perpendicular to the axis of the fuselage.

Further objects vand advantages of my invention will be made evident hereinafter. Y y Referring to the drawings in which I illustrate one embodiment of my invention,-

Fig. 1 is a front view of an airplane embodying the lfeatures of my invention. 4.5 Fig. 2 is a top View of the airplane. Fig. 3 is a side elevationalv iewofthe airplane.

Referringparticularly to these drawings, an airplane 10 of my invention hase. fusela e l1 lof somewhat conventional design. -T` e A further object of my invention is to wing 30 of my invention. As best shown in lprefer to so form ivoted wings at "is due to the relatively thin wing which,

forward end of the'dfuselage mounts a motor 12 adapted to operatepa propeller 13 which draws the airplane forward. Secured to the` lower portion of the 'fuselage is a landing gear 16 which may be-of conventional design. 55 The particular type of gear illustrated in the drawings comprises struts 17 extending downward and outward from the fusela e, these struts beinor secured to an axle 18 y means of suita le shock absorbers v2( 00 Wheels 21 are secured tothe outer ends of the axle and are adapted to carry the airplane over the ground when the plane is rolling thereover. Suitable V; braces 23 add rigidity to the landing ear 16. ,A Supported abovejthe use lagell by means of forward and rear struts 26 and 27 suitably braced to the fuselage is 'aplane or' Figs. 2 and 3, this plane has a much longer chord than does the ordinary airplane wing; in fact, the length 'of the wing' 30 is practically the same as the length of the fuselage l1. This relatively long 'wing permits a decreasein the span of the-winy The ratio of the span of a wing tothe c ord thereof is ordinarily delined as' the aspect ratio, and I the wing that the as ect ratio thereof approaches unity, althoug it is within the scope of my invention to use 80 a wing of higher aspect ratio. The use of such a long wing having a4 relatively low aspect ratio gives a stability to the plane which cannot be otherwise realized.

The plane 30 may be conventionally designed by means of well-known aeronautical formula and the particular camber thereof is not a part of this invention. It is perferable, however, to make the angle between the chord of the 'wingand the direction of flight small, 90

Vthis angle commonly being termed the vangle of attack. It is desirable to make as large as possible the ratio 'of the lift developed by a wing relative to the drag or retardin force present in moving the wing through t e air. This ratio, commonly calledthe' L/D ratio may be much larger in a wing ,such as that shown in the drawings than is possible with a wing of conventional construction. This Acan be used' and also to the well-known fact,

that ,the wing drift is less with a long-chord win than Wlth a `short-'chord wing.

v Pivoted on axes A-A, as best indicated in Fig. 2, in openings 34 of the plane 30 are control wings 35and 36. These wings are shaped so as to conform with the outline of the plane and leading edges 37 of the control wings lie substantially adjacent the leading edge 38 of the main-wing 30. As'

best shown in Fig. 2, the axes A-A are not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the uselage, these axes lyingl along the top of I the plane 30 in a direction so as to intersect an axis B--B of the wing 30 at an acute angle. Pivoted in openings 40 in the outer rear corners of the plane 30 are ailerons 42 and 43, these ailerons being pivoted to the main wing along the aXes'C-G, these axes being symmetrical witheach other and being non- )erpendicular to the-axis of the fuselage.

o, also, the axes CC are non-parallel to the axes A-A, these pairs of axes converging toward each other as the distance from the fuselage is increased. i

, v Hinged in openings of the'wing 30 and on either side of the fuselage 11 are elevators 46 and 47 of any conventional design,

these elevators being pivoted to the plane 30 so that these wings and ailerons may be pivoted about -their respective axes. This control mechanism Vis not a part of this invent1on and is. therefore not shown in detail.

' The rudder 5D and the elevators 46 and 47 are lalso controlled by suitable control in the cockpit. l v v 'When in flight, the operation of. my invention is as follows The airplane 10 may be caused to climb either b raising the control wings 35 and 36 or by ti ting the elevators 46 and 47 upward.

A similar action may be obtained by siirnulll taneously pivoting the ailerons 42 and 43 in anl upward direction. Ordinarily, however, I prefer to use-the elevators46 and 47 for the purpose of changing the angle of Hight of the plane, though it should be understood that the control wings and ailerons may be used for this purpose by being operated either individually or collectively.

Should the airplane go into a side slip, the control wing on the low wing is raised and the aileron'on the low wing is lowered. i

In this instance, the particular control wing 4 and aileron which are thus moved act as eley vators to bring the lane back to an even keel. This is vdue to the act that when going into a side slip the forward end of the fuselage is'u'sually lower than the tail.l The stream of deflectedair lfrom the low control wing which has been raised joins the main air stream under the wing, the resultant streamy acting upon the" lower surface of the lowered aileron to bring the plane back to an even keel. In a tail s in, the ailerons 42 and 43 are simultaneous yraised so as to act as elevators to -bring the plane back to an even keel. The control wings 35 and 364 may be used for a similar purpose when the airplane is nosed down, although I prefer to use the'elevators 46 and 47 for the purpose of bringing the airplane back to an even keel. While the rudder 50 is ada t- .ed to normally steer the plane, it is possi le by suitable manipulation of the control wings and the ailerons to guide the plane by these means. By drawing both ailerons 42 and 43 and both control wings 35 and 36 into an upg ward inclined position, these four surfaces additively stabilize the air lane. The elementary principle thus invo ved maybe most clearly understood by bending the corners of a piece of square cardboard upward at an acute angle with the plane. If such a cardboard be dropped, it will drop parallel to the ground rather than sliding throu h the air with on'e edge downward as would e the case if the corners were not bent upward.

The essential part of my invention lies in the particular arrangement of the control wings and the ailerons relative to the main wing 30 and it is entirely possible tovoperate theairplane 10 without using the elevators 46 and 47.

The airplane of my invention is very compact, the wing span usually bein in the neighborhood of twenty-five feet or small planes adapted to carry one or two passengers. y

Furthermore, the airplane of my invention is very stable when in operation, and has a low landing s eed, these features making it a very deslra le plane for average civi 1an use. Its long gliding angleand its ability to go intoga glide automatically when the motor is throttled, are other very desirable features in such a light lane installation. The airplane ofmy invention will also ily on an even keel when the pilots hands are ro moved from the controls.

I claim as my invention: v v 1. In an airplane, the combination of: a fuselage; a plane secured to said fuselage control wings pivoted to the front of sai plane on lines non-per endicular to said fuselage; ailerons pivote to the rear of said plane on lines non-perpendicular to said fuselage, said control'win -1o fuselage; means for controlling said control.

wings and said ailerons; a rudder on said fuselage; and elevators pivoted to said wing on a line perpendicular to said fuselage.

2. In an airplane, the combination of: a fuselage; a plane secured to said fuselage; control wings pivoted to the front of said plane onrk lines non-perpendicular to said having leading edges which do not exten forward of said plane; ailerons pivoted to the rear of said plane on lines non-perpendicular to said fuselage, said ailerons extending rearward beyond the trailing edge of said plane; and

means for controlling said control wings and said ailerons. l

In testimon whereof, I have hereunto set my hand' at os Angeles, California, this 12th day of Janna 192 8 OND B. JACKSON. 

